• The oldest mass medium is print media. Human history gives us a clue that posters, banners and pictures were first used to convey the messages.
• In the 10th century handmade press was first established. Book printing was started in 15th & 16th century in Europe.
• Mass Media at first faced a lot of restrictions because when mass media emerged at that time mperialism was in rule. The rulers were using Church in Europe as an authority over people toconvey any message. Because Church was the only platform that was influential and was in reach of
people and government. So most of the times Church was considered the first platform of Mass
Medium.
• The emergence of Print Media created doubts in the minds of the rulers and they took it as a threat
against their rule. The rulers presumed that people would become aware of their rights and they will
challenge the authority. So most of the rulers in Europe took it as a revolt and declared capital
punishment for the persons involved in Mass Media. In 1663, the last capital punishment was given
to a publisher because he published a book of an anonymous writer. This book contained the idea
that rulers are accountable for their deeds and decisions to the masses and if any ruler does not feel
himself accountable then masses have the right to overthrow his rule. This was the last capital
punishment that was awarded in the history of England.
• Print media could not get its full growth till the 18th century as illiteracy was the major problem in
all the societies and most of the newspapers were read by the elite class because state was not
responsible for the education of the masses and elites had a privilege to get private education from
the arranged tutors.
• In the sub-continent East India Company started some papers that were in English language and
mostly read by the employees of the East-India company. In 1757 when East India Company
conquered Bengal, there were one lakh informal institutions that were either run by Hindu Pandits
or Muslim Ulamas. So publishing papers entirely in English language means that they ignored the
factor of local educated people. Later on the English papers started to publish in Madras, Bombay
and Calcutta because East India Company offices were in all these cities. So, it proved that publish
of this paper was entirely for Company employees and not for the local Indians.
• In 1822, first Urdu paper named Jam-e-Jahanuma emerged and English rulers took it as a threat
against them and they started to think to impose press laws to outclass local papers. Therefore, in
1823 Press Act came to suppress Urdu press and it was made compulsory that the name of the
Editor, Publisher and Owner along with the address should be on the first page of the newspaper.
So that the government can recognize the authority of these papers. It was named as Press &
Publication Ordinance (PPO). So, the era before the division of India was a tough one for the mass
communication as many press owners and editors faced punishments several times under this
ordinance.
• In the 10th century handmade press was first established. Book printing was started in 15th & 16th century in Europe.
• Mass Media at first faced a lot of restrictions because when mass media emerged at that time mperialism was in rule. The rulers were using Church in Europe as an authority over people toconvey any message. Because Church was the only platform that was influential and was in reach of
people and government. So most of the times Church was considered the first platform of Mass
Medium.
• The emergence of Print Media created doubts in the minds of the rulers and they took it as a threat
against their rule. The rulers presumed that people would become aware of their rights and they will
challenge the authority. So most of the rulers in Europe took it as a revolt and declared capital
punishment for the persons involved in Mass Media. In 1663, the last capital punishment was given
to a publisher because he published a book of an anonymous writer. This book contained the idea
that rulers are accountable for their deeds and decisions to the masses and if any ruler does not feel
himself accountable then masses have the right to overthrow his rule. This was the last capital
punishment that was awarded in the history of England.
• Print media could not get its full growth till the 18th century as illiteracy was the major problem in
all the societies and most of the newspapers were read by the elite class because state was not
responsible for the education of the masses and elites had a privilege to get private education from
the arranged tutors.
• In the sub-continent East India Company started some papers that were in English language and
mostly read by the employees of the East-India company. In 1757 when East India Company
conquered Bengal, there were one lakh informal institutions that were either run by Hindu Pandits
or Muslim Ulamas. So publishing papers entirely in English language means that they ignored the
factor of local educated people. Later on the English papers started to publish in Madras, Bombay
and Calcutta because East India Company offices were in all these cities. So, it proved that publish
of this paper was entirely for Company employees and not for the local Indians.
• In 1822, first Urdu paper named Jam-e-Jahanuma emerged and English rulers took it as a threat
against them and they started to think to impose press laws to outclass local papers. Therefore, in
1823 Press Act came to suppress Urdu press and it was made compulsory that the name of the
Editor, Publisher and Owner along with the address should be on the first page of the newspaper.
So that the government can recognize the authority of these papers. It was named as Press &
Publication Ordinance (PPO). So, the era before the division of India was a tough one for the mass
communication as many press owners and editors faced punishments several times under this
ordinance.
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